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A torque converter is a fluid coupling which is used to transfer rotating power from a prime mover, that is an internal combustion engine or as electrical motor, to a rotating driven load. The torque converter is like a basic fluid coupling to take the place of a mechanized clutch. This allows the load to be separated from the main power source. A torque converter could provide the equivalent of a reduction gear by being able to multiply torque if there is a significant difference between input and output rotational speed.
The fluid coupling model is actually the most common type of torque converter used in car transmissions. In the 1920's there were pendulum-based torque or Constantinesco converter. There are different mechanical designs used for constantly variable transmissions that have the ability to multiply torque. For instance, the Variomatic is one type which has expanding pulleys and a belt drive.
A fluid coupling is a 2 element drive that is incapable of multiplying torque. A torque converter has an extra element that is the stator. This changes the drive's characteristics throughout occasions of high slippage and produces an increase in torque output.
Within a torque converter, there are a minimum of three rotating elements: the turbine, to drive the load, the impeller that is driven mechanically driven by the prime mover and the stator. The stator is between the impeller and the turbine so that it can change oil flow returning from the turbine to the impeller. Usually, the design of the torque converter dictates that the stator be stopped from rotating under any condition and this is where the term stator begins from. In truth, the stator is mounted on an overrunning clutch. This particular design stops the stator from counter rotating with respect to the prime mover while still permitting forward rotation.
In the three element design there have been modifications that have been incorporated at times. Where there is higher than normal torque manipulation is required, adjustments to the modifications have proven to be worthy. More often than not, these alterations have taken the form of many turbines and stators. Each set has been intended to produce differing amounts of torque multiplication. Some examples consist of the Dynaflow which uses a five element converter so as to produce the wide range of torque multiplication required to propel a heavy vehicle.
Although it is not strictly a component of classic torque converter design, different automotive converters comprise a lock-up clutch to be able to lessen heat and in order to improve cruising power transmission effectiveness. The application of the clutch locks the turbine to the impeller. This causes all power transmission to be mechanical which eliminates losses connected with fluid drive.